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Answer :
Here are the true and false statements about the reliability and validity of observational studies as given below:
What is an Observational Study?
Observational studies are a research method that involves observing and recording behavior or phenomena without manipulating any variables.
True: ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) is a statistical measure that quantifies the level of agreement between observers. It is commonly used to assess the reliability of observational studies. ICC values range from 0 to 1, where higher values indicate greater interobserver agreement.
False: Using multiple observers does not eliminate observer bias. While using multiple observers can help increase the reliability of the study, it does not guarantee that observer bias will be eliminated. It is important to train observers and establish clear guidelines to minimize observer bias.
False: Codebooks can increase reliability because they provide standardized guidelines for observers to follow. However, codebooks can also introduce reactivity in participants, meaning that they may alter their behavior or responses to conform to the expectations of the observer. This can decrease the validity of the study.
False: Interrater reliability measures the degree of agreement among observers, not the accuracy or validity of the observation
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