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Answer :
To identify risk factors for a rare disease and quantify their effects, a case-control study would be most appropriate due to its suitability for rare diseases and efficiency in comparison to other study designs like cohort studies. Hence the correct option is (B).
This type of epidemiological study is particularly suited for rare diseases. By starting with a group of cases (individuals with the disease) and a comparable control group (individuals without the disease), researchers can look retrospectively at exposures to determine the association with the disease.
Controls must be selected from the same target population as the cases to ensure comparability, and both groups are chosen without regard to their exposure status.
Cohort studies are another type of epidemiological study which track individuals based on their exposure status over time to determine subsequent disease risk.
However, for rare diseases, case-control studies offer a more practical approach because they are more efficient and less costly as they do not require following a large number of people over time for the occasional occurrence of a rare disease.
It is important to note that in case-control studies, the measure of association is the odds ratio since incidence cannot be measured in this retrospective study design. Thus, the correct option is (B).
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